Chemistry Letters
  Copyright 2003 by the Chemical Society of Japan
The List of Special Characters (html 4.0)
  1. Style

    style start end example on display
    superscribe <SUP> </SUP> <SUP>13</SUP>C 13C
    subscribe <SUB> </SUB> C<SUB>60</SUB> C60
    italic <I> </I> <I>cis-</I> cis-
    bold <B> </B> <B>bold</B> bold


  2. Typical Characters for manuscripts in Chemistry

    entity on display
    &alpha; α
    &beta; β
    &gamma; γ
    &sigma; σ
    &Sigma; Σ

      entity example on display
    ° &deg; 119.234(5)&deg; 119.234(5)°
    °C &deg;C −78 &deg;C −78 °C
    Å &Aring; 1.5735(4) &Aring; 1.5735(4) Å

    Other practical examples are on our web site. Looking sources of html files enables you to get the entity you want.

  3. Other Characters for reference(html 4.0)

    Latin-1 characters
     entity exampleon display
     &nbsp;&#160;1&nbsp;Å1 Å
    ©&copy;&#169;  
    ®&reg;&#174;OXONE<SUP>&reg;</SUP>OXONE®
    ° &deg; &#176; 10 &deg;C 10 °C
    119.234(5)&deg; 119.234(5)°
    ±&plusmn;&#177;4.0 &pluamn; 0.2 kcal/mol4.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mol
    µ&micro;&#181;1–3 &micro;M1–3 µM
    · &middot; &#183; C–H&middot;&middot;&middot;N C–H···N
    À&Agrave;&#192;  
    Á&Aacute;&#193;  
    Â&Acirc;&#194;  
    Ã&Atilde;&#195;  
    Ä&Auml;&#196;  
    Å&Aring;&#197;1.5 &Aring; 1.5 Å
    Æ&AElig;&#198;  
    Ç&Ccedil;&#199;  
    È&Egrave;&#200;  
    É&Eacute;&#201;  
    Ê&Ecirc;&#202;  
    Ë&Euml;&#203;  
    Ì&Igrave;&#204;  
    Í&Iacute;&#205;  
    Î&Icirc;&#206;  
    Ï&Iuml;&#207;  
    Ñ&Ntilde;&#209;  
    Ò&Ograve;&#210;  
    Ó&Oacute;&#211;  
    Ô&Ocirc;&#212;  
    Õ&Otilde;&#213;  
    Ö&Ouml;&#214;  
    ×&times;&#215;1 &times; 10−61 × 10−6
    Ø&Oslash;&#216;  
    Ù&Ugrave;&#217;  
    Ú&Uacute;&#218;  
    Û&Ucirc;&#219;  
    Ü&Uuml;&#220;  
    Ý&Yacute;&#221;  
    à&agrave;&#224;  
    á&aacute;&#225;  
    â&acirc;&#226;  
    ã&atilde;&#227;  
    ä&auml;&#228;  
    å&aring;&#229;  
    ç&ccedil;&#231;  
    è&egrave;&#232;  
    é&eacute;&#233;  
    ê&ecirc;&#234;  
    ë&euml;&#235;  
    ì&igrave;&#236;  
    í&iacute;&#237;  
    î&icirc;&#238;  
    ï&iuml;&#239;  
    ð&eth;&#240;  
    ñ&ntilde;&#241;  
    ò&ograve;&#242;  
    ó&oacute;&#243;  
    ô&ocirc;&#244;  
    õ&otilde;&#245;  
    ö&ouml;&#246;  
    ø&oslash;&#248;  
    ù&ugrave;&#249;  
    ú&uacute;&#250;  
    û&ucirc;&#251;  
    ü&uuml;&#252;  
    ý&yacute;&#253;  
    ÿ&yuml;&#255;  


    Mathematical, Greek and Symbolic characters
     entity exampleon display
    ƒ&fnof;&#402;500 rpm < &fnof; < 1500 rpm500 rpm < ƒ < 1500 rpm
    Δ&Delta;&#916;&Dalta;HΔH
    Θ&Theta;&#920;sin2 &Theta;sin2 Θ
    Κ&Kappa;&#922;  
    Λ&Lambda;&#923;<I>&Lambda;</I>M /S cm2 mol−1ΛM /S cm2 mol−1
    Π&Pi;&#928;HCl+(X2&Pi;3/2, 1/2)HCl+(X2Π3/2, 1/2)
    Σ&Sigma;&#931;w = 1/&Sigma;2(F0)w = 1/Σ2(F0)
    Φ&Phi;&#934;Δ&Phi;0ΔΦ0
    Ψ&Psi;&#936;&Psi;ijkΨijk
    Ω&Omega;&#937;ρ > 108 &Omega; cmρ > 108 Ω cm
    α&alpha;&#945;&alpha; = 65.09(2)α = 65.09(2)
    β&beta;&#946;&beta; = 88.93(2)β = 88.93(2)
    γ&gamma;&#947;&gamma; = 84.97(2)°γ = 84.97(2)°
    δ&delta;&#948;&delta; 6.01δ 6.01
    ε&epsilon;&#949;&epsilon; /M−1 cm−1ε /M−1 cm−1
    ζ&zeta;&#950;ε1/&apm;zeta1ε1/ζ1
    η&eta;&#951;<I>&eta;</I> = |(qyy − qxx)/qzz|η = |(qyy − qxx)/qzz|
    θ &theta; &#952; 2<I>&theta;</I> 2θ
    ι&iota;&#953;  
    κ&kappa;&#954;  
    λ &lambda; &#955; <I>&lambda;</I>max λmax
    μ&mu;&#956;<I>&mu;</I>(Mo Kα)μ(Mo Kα)
    ν&nu;&#957;&nu;maxνmax
    ξ&xi;&#958;Rl (r) = Nrnl exp(−&xi;r)Rl (r) = Nrnl exp(−ξr)
    π&pi;&#960;CH-&pi;CH-π
    ρ&rho;&#961;<I>&rho;</I>calcd = 1.284 g cm−3ρcalcd = 1.284 g cm−3
    ς&sigmaf;&#962;  
    σ&sigma;&#963;I < 10.0&sigma;(I )I < 10.0σ(I )
    τ&tau;&#964;&tau;22τ22
    υ&upsilon;&#965;&upsilon;maxυmax
    φ&phi;&#966;20 mm&phi;20 mmφ
    χ&chi;&#967;<I>&chi;</I>−1χ−1
    ψ&psi;&#968;<I>&psi;</I> = 174°ψ = 174°
    ω&omega;&#969;&omega; − 2θω − 2θ
    • &bull; &#8226; C60&bull;−C60•−
    Mg(NO3)2&bull;6H2O Mg(NO3)2•6H2O
    ′&prime;&#8242;N,N &prime;-N,N′-
    ″&Prime;&#8243;N,N′,N &Prime;-N,N′,N″-
    ← &larr; &#8592; Tn &larr; T1 Tn ← T1
    → &rarr; &#8594; 1 &rarr; 4 1 → 4
    ↓&darr;&#8595;ArISO4 + 2HCl → &darr;ArICl2 + H2SO4ArISO4 + 2HCl → ↓ArICl2 + H2SO4
    ↔&harr;&#8596;mI = 1 &harr; 0mI = 1 ↔ 0
    ∇&nabla;&#8711;&nabla;×E∇×E
    ∑&sum;&#8721;&sum;w(|F0|−|Fc|)2∑w(|F0|−|Fc|)2
    − &minus; &#8722; 0.25 mol dm<SUP>&minus;</SUP>3 0.25 mol dm−3
    *&lowast;&#8727;3C60<SUP>&loast;</SUP>3C60*
    √&radic;&#8730;A &radic;μA √μ
    ∝&prop;&#8733;kf &prop; η−βkf ∝ η−β
    ∞ &infin; &#8734; V&infin; V∞
    ∠&ang;&#8736;&ang;N···D–O = 174(5)°∠N···D–O = 174(5)°
    ∫&int;&#8747;H =&int;Cp dTH =∫Cp dT
    ∼ &sim; &#8764; &sim; 400 Å ∼ 400 Å
    ≅&cong;&#8773;sp-CH &cong; Cl2CH2sp-CH ≅ Cl2CH2
    ≈ &asymp; &#8776; n &asymp; 40 n ≈ 40
    ≠ &ne; &#8800; ΔH<SUP>&ne;</SUP> ΔH≠
    L&ne;D L≠D
    ≡ &equiv; &#8801; OCH2C&equiv;C–C&equiv;CCH2O OCH2C≡C–C≡CCH2O
    ≤ &le; &#8804; y &le; x y ≤ x
    ≥ &ge; &#8805; x &ge; 7 x ≥ 7
    ⊥ &perp; &#8869; A<SUB>&perp;</SUB> A⊥


    Special characters
     entity exampleon display
    < &lt; &#60; x &lt; 7 x < 7
    PPh3 &lt;&lt; PCy3 PPh3 << PCy3
    > &gt; &#62; x &gt; 5 x > 5
    r0 &gt;&gt; χ−1r0 >> χ−1
    Š&Scaron;&#352;  
    š&scaron;&#353;  
    Ÿ&Yuml;&#376;  
    – &ndash; &#8211; 15&ndash;20 Å 15–20 Å
    C&ndash;C C–C
    — &mdash; &#8212; x = 0&mdash;4 x = 0—4
    ‘&lsquo;&#8216;  
    ’&rsquo;&#8217;  
    “&ldquo;&#8220;&ldquo;end-off”“end-off”
    ”&rdquo;&#8221;“end-off&rdquo;“end-off”
    ‰&permil;&#8240;  
    †&dagger;&#8224;  
    ‡&Dagger;&#8225;ΔG<SUP>&Dagger;</SUP>ΔG‡